[89] For the clepsydra he designed a new overflow-tank type, and argued for a more efficient higher-order interpolation instead of linear interpolation in calibrating the measure of time. Shen Kuo wrote that during the Xi-Ning reign (1068–1077), the court official Huang Huaixin devised a plan for repairing 60 m (200 ft) long palatial boats that were a century old; essentially, Huang Huaixin devised the first Chinese drydock for suspending boats out of water. ja:沈括 "Ch'ing Scholars' Views of Western Astronomy,", Hsu, Mei-ling. [81] In his assessment of the carved reliefs of the ancient Zhuwei Tomb, Shen stated that the reliefs demonstrate genuine Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) era clothing. [58] He also simplified the counting rods technique by outlining short cuts in algorithm procedures used on the counting board, an idea expanded on by the mathematician Yang Hui (1238–1298). He not only passed the exam however, but was placed into the higher category of the best and brightest students. In his career as a scholar-official for the central government, Shen Kuo was also an ambassador to the Western Xia Dynasty and Liao Dynasty,[15] a military commander, a director of hydraulic works, and the leading chancellor of the Hanlin Academy. Although much of his focus was on technical and scientific issues, he had an interest in divination and the supernatural, the latter including his vivid description of unidentified flying objects from eyewitness testimony. [166] In this exhibition hall there stands a 1.4 m (4.6 ft) tall statue of Shen Kuo sitting on a platform, along with centuries-old published copies of his Dream Pool Essays in glass cabinets, one of which is from Japan. Once again, after some trials and errors (and some serious editing and reorganizing), I am placing this article as a FAC. [82][83] Shen Kuo noted that bamboos do not grow in Yanzhou, located in northern China, and he was puzzled during which previous dynasty the bamboos could have grown. Although the Dream Pool Essays is certainly his most extensive and important work, Shen Kuo wrote other books as well. He was the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy in the Song court, as well as an Assistant Minister of Imperial Hospitality. A side view of a pound lock for canals, invented in China in the 10th century and described by Shen. [10] Kuo received his initial childhood education from his mother, which was a common practice in China during this period. [57] Restivo writes that Shen's work in the lengths of arcs of circles provided the basis for spherical trigonometry developed in the 13th century by Guo Shoujing (1231–1316). [47] Shen also wrote about the effectiveness of the new invention (i.e. [32] His scientific writings have been praised by sinologists such as Joseph Needham and Nathan Sivin, and he has been compared by Sivin to polymaths such as his contemporary Su Song, as well as Gottfried Leibniz and Mikhail Lomonosov. In his Dream Pool Essays (夢溪筆談; Mengxi Bitan) of 1088, Shen was the first to describe the magnetic needle compass, which would be used for navigation (first described in Europe by Alexander Neckam in 1187). "[75], While working in the Bureau of Astronomy, Shen Kuo's interest in archaeology and old relics led him to reconstruct an armillary sphere from existing models as well as from ancient texts that could provide additional information. [13] While serving at Yangzhou, Shen's brilliance and dutiful character caught the attention of Zhang Chu (張蒭; 1015–1080), the Fiscal Intendant of the region. [131] Shen wrote that a man near Xingkai Lake observed this curious object; allegedly it: ...opened its door and a flood of intense light like sunbeams darted out of it, then the outer shell opened up, appearing as large as a bed with a big pearl the size of a fist illuminating the interior in silvery white. Ideas of the philosopher Mencius deeply influenced Shen. [128] Shen was worried about deforestationg[›] due to the needs of the iron industry and ink makers using pine soot in the production process, so he suggested for the latter an alternative of petroleum, which he believed was "produced inexhaustibly within the earth". Passwort vergessen? In his Sequel to Numerous Things Revealed, the Song author Cheng Dachang (1123–1195) noted that stanzas prepared by Shen Kuo for military victory celebrations were later written down and published by Shen. Shen criticized the artwork of the painter Li Cheng (919–967) for failing to observe the principle of "seeing the small from the viewpoint of the large" in portraying buildings and the like. With written Chinese, the vast amount of written morpheme characters impeded movable type's acceptance and practical use, and was therefore seen as largely unsatisfactory. Nació en el 1031 a.C y murió en el 1095 a.C. En 1063, a la edad de 35 años, Shen Kuo pasó con éxito el examen imperial para el servicio del Gobierno. [2] At court his political allegiance was to the Reformist faction known as the New Policies Group, headed by Chancellor Wang Anshi (1021–1086). While Shen's educated Confucian contemporaries were interested in obtaining ancient relics and antiques in order to revive their use in rituals, Shen was more concerned with how items from archeological finds were originally manufactured and what their functionality would have been, based on empirical evidence. Lady Zhang was said to be overbearing and fierce, often abusive to Shen Kuo, even attempting at one time to pull off his beard. Shen is credited with making improved designs of the gnomon, armillary sphere, and clepsydra clock. 2013.. norte; nortista; Look at other dictionaries: Norte magnético Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (2002). [21] Shen Kuo soon impressed Wang Anshi with his skills and abilities as an administrator and government agent. Despite this, Lady Zhang went as far as to drive out Shen Kuo's son from his first marriage, expelling him from the household. In the Routledge Curzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism, Xinzhong Yao states that Shen Kuo's legacy was tainted by his eager involvement in Wang Anshi's New Policies reforms, his actions criticized in the later traditional histories. Hargett, James M. "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960–1279),", Hartman, Charles. [12] He also observed the intriguing aspects of his father's engagement in administrative governance and the managerial problems involved; these experiences had a deep impact on him as he later became a government official. According to Zhu Yu's book Pingzhou Table Talks (萍洲可談; Pingzhou Ketan) of 1119, Shen Kuo had two marriages; the second wife was the daughter of Zhang Chu (張蒭), who came from Huainan. "The Autumn Colors on the Ch'iao and Hua Mountains: A Landscape by Chao Meng-Fu,", Li, Chu-Tsing. The Greek writer Xenophanes (570 BC–480 BC) wrote of how inland marine fossils were evidence that massive periodic flooding had wiped out mankind several times in the past, but never wrote of land formation or shifting seashores. [30] Shen's largest atlas included twenty three maps of China and foreign regions that were drawn at a uniform scale of 1:900,000. [83] He wrote that if one placed an arrow on the device and looked past its end, the degree of the mountain could be measured and thus its height could be calculated.[83]. [63], Shen wrote extensively about what he had learned while working for the state treasury, including mathematical problems posed by computing land tax, estimating requirements, currency issues, metrology, and so forth. Anmelden. [149] It was Shen's ultimate attempt to comprehend and describe a multitude of various aspects of nature, science, and reality, and all the practical and profound curiosities found in the world. This book was Shen's ultimate attempt to comprehend and describe a multitude of various aspects of nature, science, and reality, and all the practical and profound curiosities found in the world. [104] However, there is no evidence to suggest that Shen Kuo supported a round earth theory, which was introduced into Chinese science by Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi in the 17th century. His written work included two geographical atlases, a treatise on music with mathematical harmonics, governmental administration, mathematical astronomy, astronomical instruments, martial defensive tactics and fortifications, painting, tea, medicine, and much poetry. EL MOUSTRO DE LOS ANDES. In this extra long episode Laszlo... Programa: The China History Podcast. E-Mail-Adresse oder Handynummer: Passwort: Passwort vergessen? [38], In modern times, the best attempt at a complete list and summary of Shen's writing was an appendix written by Hu Daojing in his standard edition of Brush Talks, written in 1956. [19] While Shen was appointed as the regional inspector of Zhejiang in 1073, the Emperor requested that Shen pay a visit to the famous poet Su Shi (1037–1101), then an administrator in Hangzhou. [75] Being a knowledgeable musician, Shen also suggested suspending an ancient bell by using a hollow handle. [120] Wang Zhen (fl. [11], Shen Zhou died in the late winter of 1051 (or early 1052), when his son Shen Kuo was 21 years old. Sung, Tz’u, translated by Brian E. McKnight (1981). [101][103] Despite this success, they eventually dismissed Wei and Shen's tables of planetary motions. In the Routledge Curzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism, Xinzhong Yao states that Shen Kuo's legacy was tainted by his eager involvement in Wang Anshi's New Policies reforms, his actions criticized in the later traditional histories. es:Shen Kuo [136], In his commentary on the ancient Confucian philosopher Mencius (372–289 BC), Shen wrote of the importance of choosing to follow what one knew to be a true path, yet the heart and mind could not attain full knowledge of truth through mere sensory experience. [92] Considering that damp and gloomy low places provide suitable conditions for the growth of bamboo, Shen deduced that the climate of Yanzhou must have fit that description in very ancient times. American Journal of Science, Volume 275. [71] He also discussed focal points and noted that the image in a concave mirror is inverted. Busqui paraules i frases Milions en tots els idiomes. [70] However, Zhu Yu's book recounts events back to 1086, when Shen Kuo was writing the Dream Pool Essays; this meant that in Shen's time the compass might have already been in navigational use. Shen's confidant, Emperor Shenzong of Song (r. 1067–1085), a Song era portrait painting. Shen Kuo has also been compared to many Western intellectual achievers and polymaths, such as Gottfried Leibniz and Mikhail Lomonosov.[44]. Plantilla:Chinese name [22] In a brilliant display of diplomacy, Shen Kuo came to the camp of the Khitan monarch at Mt. [98][104] He also wrote that, although the Sun and Moon were in conjunction and opposition with each other once a month, this did not mean the Sun would be eclipsed every time their paths met, because of the small obliquity of their orbital paths.[104][106]. He was known to have read the works of Shen Kuo. [7] Shen criticized earlier Chinese astronomers for failing to describe celestial movement in spacial terms, yet he did not attempt to provide any reasoning for the motive power of the planets or other celestial movements. "Preliminary Notes on Sung Archaeology,", Sarkar, Tapan K., Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Dipak L. Sengupta. [86] The later Persian Muslim scholar Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048) hypothesized that India was once covered by the Indian Ocean while observing rock formations at the mouths of rivers.[87]. [12] As of 1054, Shen began serving in minor local governmental posts. A més, com que el pol nord magnètic s'ha situat diverses vegades en les mateixes coordenades geogràfiques, aquest tipus de datació més que una data única sol donar dues o tres edats possibles per a la resta a datar, de les quals la correcta s'obtindrà a partir del context del jaciment. Bronzeware from the Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC); Song era antiquarians and archeologists in search of antiques for reviving ancient rituals claimed to have found bronzewares dated as far back as the Shang era, which contained written inscriptions. Plantilla:Cnote La brújula es un instrumento de orientación que utiliza una aguja imantada para señalar el norte magnético terrestre. [166] A Qing Dynasty era hall built on the site is now used as the main admissions gate. Shen Kuo also wrote the Changxing Ji (長興集; Collected Literary Works of [the Viscount of] Changxing). Tao, Jie, Zheng Bijun and Shirley L. Mow. Shen wrote vivid descriptions of tornadoes—the first known description of them in East Asia. Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (2002). [153] A Qing Dynasty era hall built on the site is now used as the main admissions gate. The Chinese Mount Zijinshan Observatory discovered a new planetoid in 1964; in 1979, the Chinese Academy of Sciences decided to honor Shen by listing "Shen Kuo" as one of its names. En el siglo XI, el gran científico de la dinastía Song, Shen Kuo, explicó detalladamente en su libro "Mengxi Bitan" (Ensayos sobre el Estanque de los Ensueños) las propiedades, el uso y las perspectivas del petróleo. "[41] Shen maintained that the larynx was the beginning of a system that distributed vital qi from the air throughout the body, and that the esophagus was a simple tube that dropped food into the stomach. Shen accurately hypothesized that rainbows were caused by sunlight onto rain droplets. [22] In regards to the Lý Dynasty of Đại Việt (in modern northern Vietnam), Shen demonstrated in his Dream Pool Essays that he was familiar with the key players (on the Vietnamese side) in the prelude to the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1075–1077. He was the first literary figure in China to mention the use of the drydock to repair boats suspended out of water, and also wrote of the effectiveness of the relatively new invention of the canal pound lock. "Chinese Marine Cartography: Sea Charts of Pre-Modern China,". [10]Plantilla:Cref She was very educated herself, teaching Kuo and his brother Pi (披) the military doctrines of her own elder brother Xu Tang (許洞; 975–1016). [17] According to Li's epitaph for his wife, Shen would sometimes relay questions via Li to Hu when he needed clarification for his mathematical work, as Hu Wenrou was esteemed by Shen as a remarkable female mathematician; Shen lamented: "if only she were a man, Wenrou would be my friend. • M.N. Neues Konto erstellen. A revolving table typecase with individual movable type characters arranged primarily by rhyming scheme, from Wang Zhen's book of agriculture published in 1313. [116] In 1718, during the mid Qing Dynasty (1644–1912), the scholar of Tai'an known as Xu Zhiding developed movable type with enamelware instead of earthenware. [165] However, the renovated Mengxi Garden is only part of the original of Shen Kuo's time. Volkshochschule. Even Shen's political rival and contemporary astronomer Su Song featured Shen's corrected position of the polestar (halfway between Tian shu, at −350 degrees, and the current Polaris) in the fourth star map of his celestial atlas. [16] By 1072, Shen was appointed as the head official of the Bureau of Astronomy. O Scribd é o maior site social de leitura e publicação do mundo. Biderman, Shlomo and Ben-Ami Scharfstein. (1989). norte verdadero en el diccionari de traducció espanyol - català en Glosbe, diccionari en línia, gratis. Cherniack, Susan. [162] Donald Holzman writes that Shen "has nowhere organized his observations into anything like a general theory. "[98] Ibn al-Haytham, in his Book of Optics (1021), also discussed atmospheric refraction (in regards to twilight).[72]. histoire du numérique et de l'informatique. After completing two geographical atlases for a state-sponsored program, Shen was rewarded by having his sentence of probation lifted, allowing him to live in a place of his choice. Brújula – kaufen Sie dieses Foto und finden Sie ähnliche Bilder auf Adobe Stock By using mathematical permutations, Shen described Yi Xing's calculation of possible positions on a go board game. The intense silver-white light, shot from the interior, was too strong for human eyes to behold; it cast shadows of every tree within a radius of ten miles...Then all of a sudden, the object took off at a tremendous speed and descended upon the lake like the sun setting. Cerámica Wiki es una comunidad FANDOM en Estilo de vida. "[162] Huff writes that this was a systemic problem of early Chinese science, which lacked systematic treatment that could be found in European works such as the Concordance and Discordant Canons by the lawyer Gratian of Bologna (fl. [153] Shen wrote the Mengqi Wanghuai Lu (夢溪忘懷錄; Record of longings forgotten at Dream Brook), which was also compiled during Shen's retirement. [95][96][97] Paul Dong writes that Shen's explanation of the rainbow as a phenomenon of atmospheric refraction "is basically in accord with modern scientific principles. A painting by Dong Yuan, who Shen praised for his ability to portray landscapes and natural scenery in a grand but realistic style. [8] The Song astronomers of Shen's day still retained the lunar theory and coordinates of the earlier Yi Xing, which after 350 years had devolved into a state of considerable error. Hugo Shen is on Facebook. With written Chinese, the vast amount of written morpheme characters impeded movable type's acceptance and practical use, and was therefore seen as largely unsatisfactory. Chen Dengyuan, cited in Sivin (1995), III, 44. For example, in 16 AD the Xin Dynasty usurper Wang Mang called for the dissection of an executed man, to examine his arteries and viscera in order to discover cures for illnesses. Tiempo: 01:04:25 Subido 15/08 a las 05:17:00 6889938 [5] This was the decisive step in human history to make compasses more useful for navigation, and may have been a concept unknown in Europe for another four hundred years (evidence of German sundials made circa 1450 show markings similar to Chinese geomancer compasses in regards to declination).[6][7]. [138] Selected translations of the Dream Pool Essays from Middle Chinese into modern Vernacular Chinese was made by Zhang Jia Ju's biographical work Shen Kuo (1962). Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 205–206. zh:沈括, El contenido de la comunidad está disponible bajo. [33], A Han Dynasty incense burner, showing artificial mountains as a lid decoration, which may have influenced the invention. [3][4] Shen discovered the concept of true north in terms of magnetic declination towards the north pole,[4] with experimentation of suspended magnetic needles and "the improved meridian determined by Shen's [astronomical] measurement of the distance between the polestar and true north". [30] As described in his Dream Pool Essays, Shen Kuo enjoyed the company of the "nine guests" (jiuke), a figure of speech for the Chinese zither, the older 17x17 line variant of weiqi (known today as go), Zen Buddhist meditation, ink (calligraphy and painting), tea drinking, alchemy, chanting poetry, conversation, and drinking wine. [73][77] Shen Kuo asserted that the needle will point south but with a deviation,[77] stating "[the magnetic needles] are always displaced slightly east rather than pointing due south."[73]. [117] He praised the works of Dong Yuan (c. 934–c. Rudolph, R.C. Fan, Dainian and Robert Sonné Cohen (1996). The literal translation of Mengxi Bitan is Dream Brook Brush Talks. [92] Shen Kuo noted that bamboos do not grow in Yanzhou, located in northern China, and he was puzzled during which previous dynasty the bamboos could have grown. Although this suicide attempt failed, he would die a year later. Shen Kuo noted that the process was tedious if one only wanted to print a few copies of a book, but if one desired to make hundreds or thousands of copies, the process was incredibly fast and efficient. Although much could be discerned through empirical observation and recorded study, Daoism asserted that the secrets of the universe were boundless, something that scientific investigation could merely express in fragments and partial understandings. Es recordado sobre todo como el autor de la "Meng Xi Bi Tan" (Conjunto de relatos, o breves conversaciones sobre ideas dispares). Uno de los primeros modelos de brújula, inventada durante el Periodo de los Estados Combatientes (450-221 a.C.), ... Shen Kuo señaló que una aguja preparada de este modo algunas veces apuntaba hacia el norte y otras hacia el sur. Shen Kuo devised a geological hypothesis for land formation (geomorphology), based upon findings of inland marine fossils, knowledge of soil erosion, and the deposition of silt. [136] In the Chiwuming Shitukao (Illustrated Investigations of the Names and Natures of Plants) book of 1848, written material of Shen's Mengxi Bitan is mentioned often, such as classifications of plant species. "The Discovery of Marine Transgressions and the Explanation of Fossils in Antiquity". Escucha y descarga los episodios de The China History Podcast gratis. Hartman, Charles. [22] Shen Kuo soon impressed Wang Anshi with his skills and abilities as an administrator and government agent. Although the Iraqi Muslim scientist Ibn al-Haitham (965–1039) was the first to experiment with camera obscura, Shen Kuo was the first to apply geometrical and quantitative attributes to the camera obscura, just several decades after Ibn al-Haitham's death. hi / / / hanna hi 1131b electrodo de ph de vidrio rellenable conector bnc, con cable hanna electrodo de ph de vidrio rellenable conector bnc, con cable jenway (uk) hi 1270 electrodo de ph. In a passage of the Dream Pool Essays called "Strange Happenings", Shen provided a peculiar account of an unidentified flying object that Professor Zhang Longqiao of the Chinese Department of Peking Teachers College states is "a clue that a flying craft from some other planet once landed somewhere near Yangzhou in China. This is a Chinese name; the family name is Shen. "c[›], The book was originally 30 chapters long, yet an unknown Chinese author's edition of 1166 edited and reorganized the work into 26 chapters.[150]. [94] However, there is no evidence to suggest that Shen Kuo supported a round earth theory, which was introduced into Chinese science by Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi in the 17th century. Shen also wrote that since petrified bamboos were found underground in a climatic area where they had never been known to be grown, climates naturally shifted geographically over time. [13] With his leadership position in the bureau, Shen was responsible for projects in improving calendrical science,[10] and proposed many reforms to the Chinese calendar alongside the work of his colleague Wei Pu. Shen Kuo's writings were not all about scientific or practical subjects. [75] In his assessment of the carved reliefs of the ancient Zhuwei Tomb, Shen stated that the reliefs demonstrate genuine Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) era clothing.[76]. [8] With his impressive skills and aptitude for matters of economy and finance, Shen was appointed as the Finance Commissioner at the central court. Busqui paraules i frases Milions en tots els idiomes. Ver más ideas sobre disenos de unas, rosa de los vientos, brujula. Algunas veces la navegación se apoyaba con el uso de sondas. Although much of Wang Anshi's reforms outlined in the New Policies centered around state finance, land tax reform, and the Imperial examinations, there were also military concerns. [48] He wrote that it saved the work of five hundred annual labors, annual costs of up to 1,250,000 strings of cash, and increased the size limit of boats accommodated from 21 tons/21000 kg to 113 tons/115000 kg. [88] Shen also hypothesized that the altitude of the apparent sun is higher than the actual latitude of the sun. Contra éstos, está la obra “Ensayos del Arroyo de los Sueños”, del erudito Shen Kuo … [121] In his "Song on Painting" and in his Dream Pool Essays, Shen praised the creative artworks of the Tang painter Wang Wei (701–761); Shen noted that Wang was unique in that he "penetrated into the mysterious reason and depth of creative activity," but was criticized by others for not conforming his paintings to reality, such as his painting with a banana tree growing in a snowy, wintry landscape.[122][123][124]. 12th century). 970), the latter's work would have been lost to history. [111] They also slandered Wei Pu, out of resentment that a commoner had expertise exceeding theirs. [72] In any case, Shen Kuo's writing on magnetic compasses has proved invaluable for understanding China's earliest use of the compass for seafaring navigation. From Shen's quotation—or perhaps Shen's own paraphrasing of Yu Hao's Timberwork Manual (木經; Mujing)—shows that already in the 10th century there was a graded system of building unit proportions, a system which Shen states had become more precise in his time but stating no one could possibly reproduce such a sound work. (2004). In 1075, Shen Kuo wrote the Xining Fengyuan Li (熙寧奉元曆; The Oblatory Epoch astronomical system of the Splendid Peace reign period), which was lost, but listed in a 7th chapter of a Song Dynasty bibliography. Shen Kuo grieved for his father, and following Confucian ethics, remained inactive in a state of mourning for three years until 1054 (or early 1055). [148], Shen Kuo's Dream Pool Essays consists of some 507 separate essays exploring a wide range of subjects. [115] In Jiangsu and Fujian, wealthy Ming era families sponsored the use of metal type printing (mostly using bronze). Tao, Jie, Zheng Bijun and Shirley L. Mow. Sung, Tz’u, translated by Brian E. McKnight (1981). [8] The officials and astronomers at court were deeply opposed Wei and Shen's work, offended by their insistence that the coordinates of the renowned Yi Xing were inaccurate. oder. [90][91] Shen Kuo likened this to the "stone crabs" found in China.[90][91]. [95][129] Shen used the soot from the smoke of burned petroleum fuel (石油 Shíyóu, "rock oil" as Shen called it) to invent a new, more durable type of writing ink; the Ming Dynasty pharmacologist Li Shizhen (1518–1593) wrote that Shen's ink was "lustrous like lacquer, and superior to that made from pinewood lamp-black," or the soot from pinewood.[130][131]. [81] Being a knowledgeable musician, Shen also suggested suspending an ancient bell by using a hollow handle. "Book Culture and Textual Transmission in Sung China,". no:Shen Kuo Shen Kuo sau Shen Gua (în chineză: 沈括; pinyin: Shěn Kuò; Wade-Giles: Shen K'uo) (n. 1031 la Hangzhou, Zhejiang –1095 la Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) a fost un savant enciclopedist chinez și om de stat din perioada dinastiei Song.S-a manifestat în multe domenii: matematică, astronomie, meteorologie, geologie, zoologie, botanică, farmacologie, agronomie, arheologie, etnografie, cartografie. [35][36] Such rice models were expounded on by the Tang Dynasty (618–907) author Jiang Fang in his Essay on the Art of Constructing Mountains with Rice (c. 845 AD). [11] Shen Kuo took notice of the various towns and rural features of China as his family traveled, while he became interested during his youth in the diverse topography of the land. [86] The Daoist alchemist Ge Hong (284–364) wrote of the legendary immortal Ma Gu; in a written dialogue by Ge, Ma Gu described how what was once the Eastern Sea (i.e. (2006). [114] Beyond Shen Kuo's writing, however, nothing is known of Bi Sheng's life or the influence of movable type in his lifetime. This time Laszlo finishes off the Qin in two parts as promised. He pointed out that the magnetic poles of the earth were not … [42][43][44][45] For example, Shen noted that the mineral orpiment was used to quickly erase writing errors on paper.[46]. [16] As written by Li Zhiyi, a man married to Hu Wenrou (granddaughter of Hu Su, a famous minister of the Song Dynasty), Shen Kuo was Li's mentor while Shen served as an official. fi:Shen Kuo Dinastía Song - Tecnología de la Dinastía Song, Sociedad de la Dinastía Song, Shen Kuo, Emperador Taizu de Song, Emperador Yingzong de Song, Emperador Shenzong de Song, Emperador Zhezong de Song, Emperador Renzong de Song, Emperador Zhenzong de Song. "Preliminary Notes on Sung Archaeology,", Sivin, Nathan. The shoulder-striped Wainscot (Leucania comma), which is similar to Leucania separata, the Noctuidae family pest described by Shen Kuo. Bamboo and rocks by Li Kan (1244–1320); using evidence of fossilized bamboo within China's dry northwestern climate zone, Shen Kuo hypothesized that climates naturally shifted geographically over time. 4th century BC), since it was Shi Shen who gave instructions on predicting the eclipses based on the relative position of the moon to the sun. "A Thousand Peaks and Myriad Ravines: Chinese Paintings in the Charles A. Drenowatz Collection,", Lian, Xianda. Hargett, James M. "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960-1279)," Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews (CLEAR) (July 1985): 67-93. [108] Shen's hypotheses were similar to the concept of the epicycle in the Greco-Roman tradition,[107] only Shen compared the side-section of orbital paths of planets and variations of planetary speeds to points in the tips of a willow leaf. A Song era portrait of the poet and statesman Su Shi, whose pharmaceutical work was combined with Shen Kuo's in 1126. Busqui paraules i frases Milions en tots els idiomes. Shen wrote that since the "pearl" often made an appearance around Fanliang in Yangzhou, the people there erected a "Pearl Pavilion" on a wayside, where people came by boat in hopes to see the mysterious flying object. Plantilla:Cnote, de:Shen Kuo Línea del tiempo de Filosofía.
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